捍卫你的信仰
Defending Your Faith: An Introduction to Apologetics
R.C. 史普罗 / R.C. Sproul
简介 Summary
史普罗以简明易懂的方式介绍基督教护教学的基本原理。本书源自林格尼尔事工的讲座系列，从经典护教学的角度，论证理性与信仰的关系、上帝存在的论证、圣经的可靠性，以及如何回应常见的反对意见。适合希望学习为信仰辩护的基督徒。
Sproul introduces the fundamentals of Christian apologetics in an accessible manner. Based on Ligonier Ministries lecture series, it argues from a classical apologetics perspective for the relationship between reason and faith, proofs for God's existence, the reliability of Scripture, and how to respond to common objections. Ideal for Christians seeking to learn to defend their faith.
📑 章节 Chapters
Ch.1: Introduction to Apologetics — Why Defend the Faith?
彼得前书3:15命令基督徒'常作准备，以温柔和敬畏的心回答各人'。护教学不是攻击，而是对信仰做出合理辩护。每个基督徒都被呼召在理性上装备自己。
1 Peter 3:15 commands Christians to 'always be prepared to give an answer.' Apologetics is not attack but reasonable defense of faith. Every Christian is called to be intellectually equipped.
“Always being prepared to make a defense to anyone who asks you for a reason for the hope that is in you; yet do it with gentleness and respect. (1 Peter 3:15) 常作准备，以温柔和敬畏的心回答各人，把你们心中盼望的理由告诉他们。”
Ch.2: Agnosticism — Can We Avoid the Question?
不可知论看似谦虚，实际上也是一种选择。声称'无法知道上帝是否存在'本身就是关于上帝的一种主张。中立是不可能的。
Agnosticism seems humble but is itself a choice. Claiming 'we cannot know whether God exists' is itself a claim about God. Neutrality is impossible.
“Agnosticism is not a third option between theism and atheism. It is a form of atheism in practice. 不可知论不是有神论和无神论之间的第三选择。在实践中，它是一种无神论。”
Ch.3: Reason and Faith — Opposed or Complementary?
信仰不是盲目的跳跃。圣经中的信仰是建立在证据之上的信任。理性是上帝赐给人的工具，用来认识真理。信仰超越理性，但不违背理性。
Faith is not a blind leap. Biblical faith is trust grounded in evidence. Reason is a God-given tool for knowing truth. Faith goes beyond reason but does not contradict it.
“The Bible calls us to faith, but never to credulity or irrationality. 圣经呼召我们有信心，但从不呼召我们盲信或非理性。”
Ch.4: Four Essential Principles of Knowledge
任何有意义的讨论都预设了四条逻辑原则：矛盾律、因果律、基本可靠性原则和类比原则。否认这些原则将使一切知识和交流成为不可能。
Any meaningful discussion presupposes four logical principles: the law of non-contradiction, the law of causality, the basic reliability principle, and the analogical principle. Denying them makes all knowledge and communication impossible.
“To deny the law of non-contradiction is to affirm it. You cannot deny logic without using logic. 否认矛盾律就是在肯定它。你不能不用逻辑来否认逻辑。”
Ch.5: The Law of Non-Contradiction
某事物不能同时在同一意义上既是又不是。这是一切理性思维的基础。如果有人说'矛盾律不成立'，他本身就在使用矛盾律。
Something cannot both be and not be in the same sense at the same time. This is the foundation of all rational thought. Anyone who says 'the law of non-contradiction does not hold' is using it.
“If you say, 'There is no law of non-contradiction,' you assume the law of non-contradiction to make your statement meaningful. 如果你说'没有矛盾律'，你就是在假设矛盾律来使你的陈述有意义。”
Ch.6: The Law of Causality
每个结果都有一个充分的原因。休谟对因果律的质疑实际上没有成功——他质疑的是我们对因果的感知，而非因果本身。没有因果律，科学本身就不可能。
Every effect has a sufficient cause. Hume's challenge to causality didn't succeed—he questioned our perception of causation, not causation itself. Without causality, science itself is impossible.
“To say that something comes from nothing is to deny the very foundation of science and reason. 说某物来自无物，就是否认科学和理性的根基。”
Ch.7: From Nature to Nature's God
自然神学论证上帝的存在不依赖圣经启示，而是从理性和自然出发。存在的事物需要原因，偶然的存在指向一个必然的存在——上帝。
Natural theology argues for God's existence from reason and nature, not Scripture. Existing things need causes; contingent existence points to a necessary being—God.
“If anything exists now, something must have the power of being within itself eternally. 如果现在有任何东西存在，就一定有某种东西本身拥有永恒的存在力量。”
Ch.8: The Self-Existent Being
宇宙不可能来自虚无。必须存在一个自存的、永恒的、有能力的存在作为一切的终极原因。这就是我们所称的上帝。
The universe cannot come from nothing. There must be a self-existent, eternal, powerful being as the ultimate cause of everything. This is what we call God.
“Something must have the power of being in and of itself, or nothing could be at all. 某种东西必须本身具有存在的能力，否则什么都不可能存在。”
Ch.9: Aquinas and the Cosmological Argument
阿奎那的'五路论证'，尤其是从运动和因果出发的论证，至今仍是最有力的上帝存在论证之一。每一条因果链都指向一个不被推动的推动者。
Aquinas's 'Five Ways,' especially arguments from motion and causation, remain among the most powerful proofs of God's existence. Every causal chain points to an unmoved mover.
“Whatever is in motion must be put in motion by another... We must arrive at a first mover, put in motion by no other; and this everyone understands to be God. 一切运动中的事物必定被另一事物推动……我们必须到达一个不被其他事物推动的第一推动者；这就是所有人所理解的上帝。”
Ch.10: The Teleological Argument
宇宙中处处可见的设计和秩序指向一位智慧的设计者。从细胞的复杂性到宇宙常数的微调，偶然的解释越来越不可信。
Design and order pervading the universe point to an intelligent Designer. From cellular complexity to cosmic fine-tuning, chance explanations become increasingly implausible.
“The universe bears the marks of design at every level, from the subatomic to the cosmic. 宇宙在每个层面——从亚原子到宇宙——都带有设计的印记。”
Ch.11: The Ontological Argument
安瑟伦的论证：上帝是'无法想象更伟大的存在'。如果这样的存在仅存在于思想中而不存在于现实中，那么一个既存在于思想中又存在于现实中的存在就更伟大——矛盾。
Anselm's argument: God is 'that than which nothing greater can be conceived.' If such a being existed only in thought and not in reality, then a being existing in both would be greater—a contradiction.
“Something than which nothing greater can be conceived cannot exist only in the understanding, for then something greater could be conceived — namely, one that exists in reality as well. 无法想象更伟大的存在不可能仅存在于理解中，因为那样就可以想象更伟大的——即同时存在于现实中的。”
Ch.12: The Moral Argument and Human Dignity
客观的道德价值和人的内在尊严指向一位道德的立法者。如果没有上帝，'人权'和'人的尊严'就没有根基——它们只是文化偏好。
Objective moral values and intrinsic human dignity point to a moral Lawgiver. Without God, 'human rights' and 'human dignity' have no foundation—they are mere cultural preferences.
“If there is no God, then there are no objective moral standards, and all moral judgments become matters of personal or cultural preference. 如果没有上帝，就没有客观的道德标准，所有道德判断都成了个人或文化偏好的问题。”
Ch.13: The Reliability of the Bible
圣经不是一本普通的书。从手稿证据、考古学印证到预言的应验，圣经的可靠性远超任何古代文献。
The Bible is no ordinary book. From manuscript evidence and archaeological confirmation to fulfilled prophecy, its reliability far exceeds any other ancient document.
“The New Testament documents have more manuscript support than any other work of classical antiquity. 新约文献拥有比任何其他古代经典著作更多的手稿支持。”
Ch.14: The Historical Jesus
耶稣是真实的历史人物，不仅有圣经记载，还有约瑟夫斯、塔西佗等非基督教史料的佐证。否认耶稣的历史性在学术界几乎没有立足之地。
Jesus is a real historical figure, attested not only by Scripture but by non-Christian sources like Josephus and Tacitus. Denying Jesus' historicity has virtually no academic standing.
“We have more evidence for the existence and life of Jesus of Nazareth than for most figures of ancient history. 我们拥有关于拿撒勒人耶稣的存在和生平的证据，比大多数古代历史人物的证据都多。”
Ch.15: The Evidence for the Resurrection
复活是基督教信仰的基石。空坟墓、多次显现、门徒的转变、早期教会的兴起——这些事实需要一个充分的解释，而复活是最合理的解释。
The resurrection is Christianity's cornerstone. The empty tomb, multiple appearances, transformed disciples, the rise of the early church—these facts demand adequate explanation, and the resurrection is the most reasonable one.
“If Christ has not been raised, your faith is futile and you are still in your sins. (1 Corinthians 15:17) 基督若没有复活，你们的信便是徒然，你们仍在罪里。”
Ch.16: The Problem of Evil
恶的存在不仅不否定上帝的存在，反而证明了上帝的存在——因为没有客观的善的标准（来自上帝），'恶'这个概念就没有意义。
Evil's existence does not negate God's existence but actually presupposes it—without an objective standard of good (from God), the concept of 'evil' is meaningless.
“The problem of evil is as much a problem for the atheist as for the theist. Without God, how do you define evil? 恶的问题对无神论者和有神论者同样是个问题。没有上帝，你如何定义恶？”
Ch.17: Living Out Your Faith
护教学不只是理论辩论，更是生活方式。基督徒最有力的'论证'是被改变的生命。护教学最终要服务于福音——即上帝在基督里拯救罪人的好消息。
Apologetics is not just theoretical debate but a way of life. The Christian's most powerful 'argument' is a transformed life. Apologetics ultimately serves the gospel—the good news of God saving sinners in Christ.
“The most important tool in apologetics is not a clever argument but a life that reflects the reality of the gospel. 护教学中最重要的工具不是巧妙的论证，而是反映福音真实性的生活。”